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• Age-related maculopathy is a leading cause of blindness among people 65 and older in the United States, and is estimated to affect between 16 and 26% of people in this age group. In a recent study by Klein, residents aged 43 to 86 years in the town of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin were asked to participate in a study to determine whether cigarette smoking was related to age-related maculopathy. At a baseline examination, participants were asked to report their lifetime smoking habits. After 5 years, participants had an examination to determine whether they had developed age-related maculopathy. The following table presents the number of cases of age-related maculopathy measured at the follow-up examination among the 1232 male participants ages 43-86 who did not have age related maculopathy (ARM) at the baseline examination:

Smoking status

N

Cases of ARM

Never smokers

368

26

Ever smokers

864

79

calculate the 5 year cumulative incidence of age related maculopathy in ever smokers and in never smokers