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3.4. Prove that any field is an integral domain.


3.3. If in a ring R every x ∈ R satisfies x2 = x, prove that R

must be commutative

(A ring in which x2 = x for all elements is called a Boolean ring).


3.1. If R is a ring and a, b, c, d ∈ R, evaluate (a + b)(c + d).

3.2. Prove that if a, b ∈ R, then (a + b)2 = a2 + ab + ba + b2 where

by x2 we mean xx.


according to a study conducted by the grade 12 student, php 175 is the average monthly expenses for cell phone loads of high school students in their province.aA statistics students claim that this amount has increased since January of this year .do you think his claim is acceptable if a random sample of 50 students has an average monthly expense of php164 for cellphone loads ? using 5% level of significance , assume that a population standard deviation is 53

8. Let A be a ring #= 0. Show that the set of prime ideals of A has minimal ele-

ments with respect to inclusion. 


7. Let A be a ring in which every element x satisfies xn = x for some n > 1 

(depending on x). Show that every prime ideal in A is maximal. 


6. A ring A is such that every ideal not contained in the nilradical contains a non-

zero idempotent (that is, an element e such that e2 = e #= 0). Prove that the 

nilradical and Jacobson radical of A are equal. 


4. In the ring A[x], the Jacobson radical is equal to the nilradical.


1. Let x be a nilpotent element of a ring A. Show that 1 + x is a unit of A. Deduce 

that the sum of a nilpotent element and a unit is a unit. 


Solve the system of linear equations using matrix inverse method.

x-y+z=1

2y-z=1

2x+3y=1


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